Fiducial markers have been broadly used to identify objects or embed messages that can be detected by a camera. Primarily, existing detection methods assume that markers are printed on ideally planar surfaces. The size of a message or identification code is limited by the spatial resolution of binary patterns in a marker. Markers often fail to be recognized due to various imaging artifacts of optical/perspective distortion and motion blur. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel deformable fiducial marker system that consists of three main parts: First, a fiducial marker generator creates a set of free-form color patterns to encode significantly large-scale information in unique visual codes. Second, a differentiable image simulator creates a training dataset of photorealistic scene images with the deformed markers, being rendered during optimization in a differentiable manner. The rendered images include realistic shading with specular reflection, optical distortion, defocus and motion blur, color alteration, imaging noise, and shape deformation of markers. Lastly, a trained marker detector seeks the regions of interest and recognizes multiple marker patterns simultaneously via inverse deformation transformation. The deformable marker creator and detector networks are jointly optimized via the differentiable photorealistic renderer in an end-to-end manner, allowing us to robustly recognize a wide range of deformable markers with high accuracy. Our deformable marker system is capable of decoding 36-bit messages successfully at ~29 fps with severe shape deformation. Results validate that our system significantly outperforms the traditional and data-driven marker methods. Our learning-based marker system opens up new interesting applications of fiducial markers, including cost-effective motion capture of the human body, active 3D scanning using our fiducial markers' array as structured light patterns, and robust augmented reality rendering of virtual objects on dynamic surfaces.

Imaging depth and spectrum have been extensively studied in isolation from each other for decades. Recently, hyperspectral-depth (HS-D) imaging emerges to capture both information simultaneously by combining two different imaging systems; one for depth, the other for spectrum. While being accurate, this combinational approach induces increased form factor, cost, capture time, and alignment/registration problems. In this work, departing from the combinational principle, we propose a compact single-shot monocular HS-D imaging method. Our method uses a diffractive optical element (DOE), the point spread function of which changes with respect to both depth and spectrum. This enables us to reconstruct spectrum and depth from a single captured image. To this end, we develop a differentiable simulator and a neural-network-based reconstruction that are jointly optimized via automatic differentiation. To facilitate learning the DOE, we present a first HS-D dataset by building a benchtop HS-D imager that acquires high-quality ground truth. We evaluate our method with synthetic and real experiments by building an experimental prototype and achieve state-of-the-art HS-D imaging results.

Despite advances in display technology, many existing applications rely on psychophysical datasets of human perception gathered using older, sometimes outdated displays. As a result, there exists the underlying assumption that such measurements can be carried over to the new viewing conditions of more modern technology. We have conducted a series of psychophysical experiments to explore contrast sensitivity using a state-of-the-art HDR display, taking into account not only the spatial frequency and luminance of the stimuli but also their surrounding luminance levels. From our data, we have derived a novel surroundaware contrast sensitivity function (CSF), which predicts human contrast sensitivity more accurately. We additionally provide a practical version that retains the benefits of our full model, while enabling easy backward compatibility and consistently producing good results across many existing applications that make use of CSF models. We show examples of effective HDR video compression using a transfer function derived from our CSF, tone-mapping, and improved accuracy in visual difference prediction.

A set of cameras with fisheye lenses have been used to capture a wide field of view. The traditional scan-line stereo algorithms based on epipolar geometry are directly inapplicable to this non-pinhole camera setup due to optical characteristics of fisheye lenses; hence, existing complete 360° RGB-D imaging systems have rarely achieved real-time performance yet. In this paper, we introduce an efficient sphere-sweeping stereo that can run directly on multiview fisheye images without requiring additional spherical rectification. Our main contributions are: First, we introduce an adaptive spherical matching method that accounts for each input fisheye camera's resolving power concerning spherical distortion. Second, we propose a fast inter-scale bilateral cost volume filtering method that refines distance in noisy and textureless regions with optimal complexity of O(n). It enables real-time dense distance estimation while preserving edges. Lastly, the fisheye color and distance images are seamlessly combined into a complete 360° RGB-D image via fast inpainting of the dense distance map. We demonstrate an embedded 360° RGB-D imaging prototype composed of a mobile GPU and four fisheye cameras. Our prototype is capable of capturing complete 360° RGB-D videos with a resolution of two megapixels at 29 fps. Results demonstrate that our real-time method outperforms traditional omnidirectional stereo and learning-based omnidirectional stereo in terms of accuracy and performance.

Single-shot monocular birefractive stereo methods have been used for estimating sparse depth from double refraction over edges. They also obtain an ordinary-ray (o-ray) image concurrently or subsequently through additional post-processing of depth densification and deconvolution. However, when an extraordinary-ray (e-ray) image is restored to acquire stereo images, the existing methods suffer from very severe restoration artifacts due to a low signal-to-noise ratio of input e-ray image or depth/deconvolution errors. In this work, we present a novel stereo image restoration network that can restore stereo images directly from a double-refraction image. First, we built a physically faithful birefractive stereo imaging dataset by simulating the double refraction phenomenon with existing RGB-D datasets. Second, we formulated a joint stereo restoration problem that accounts for not only geometric relation between o-/e-ray images but also joint optimization of restoring both stereo images. We trained our model with our birefractive image dataset in an end-to-end manner. Our model restores high-quality stereo images directly from double refraction in real-time, enabling high-quality stereo video using a monocular camera. Our method also allows us to estimate dense depth maps from stereo images using a conventional stereo method. We evaluate the performance of our method experimentally and synthetically with the ground truth. Results validate that our stereo image restoration network outperforms the existing methods with high accuracy. We demonstrate several image-editing applications using our high-quality stereo images and dense depth maps.

Multiview shape-from-shading (SfS) has achieved high-detail geometry, but its computation is expensive for solving a multiview registration and an ill-posed inverse rendering problem. Therefore, it has been mainly used for offline methods. Volumetric fusion enables real-time scanning using a conventional RGB-D camera, but its geometry resolution has been limited by the grid resolution of the volumetric distance field and depth registration errors. In this paper, we propose a real-time scanning method that can acquire high-detail geometry by bridging volumetric fusion and multiview SfS in two steps. First, we propose the first real-time acquisition of photometric normals stored in texture space to achieve high-detail geometry. We also introduce geometry-aware texture mapping, which progressively refines geometric registration between the texture space and the volumetric distance field by means of normal texture, achieving real-time multiview SfS. We demonstrate our scanning of high-detail geometry using an RGB-D camera at ~20 fps. Results verify that the geometry quality of our method is strongly competitive with that of offline multi-view SfS methods.

We present a method to estimate dense depth by optimizing a sparse set of points such that their diffusion into a depth map minimizes a multi-view reprojection error from RGB supervision. We optimize point positions, depths, and weights with respect to the loss by differential splatting that models points as Gaussians with analytic transmittance. Further, we develop an efficient optimization routine that can simultaneously optimize the 50k+ points required for complex scene reconstruction. We validate our routine using ground truth data and show high reconstruction quality. Then, we apply this to light field and wider baseline images via self supervision, and show improvements in both average and outlier error for depth maps diffused from inaccurate sparse points. Finally, we compare qualitative and quantitative results to image processing and deep learning methods.

In order to enable view-dependent appearance synthesis from the light fields of a scene, it is critical to evaluate the geometric relationships between light and view over surfaces in the scene with high accuracy. Perfect diffuse reflectance is commonly assumed to estimate geometry from light fields via multiview stereo. However, this diffuse surface assumption is invalid with real-world objects. Geometry estimated from light fields is severely degraded over specular surfaces. Additional scene-scale 3D scanning based on active illumination could provide reliable geometry, but it is sparse and thus still insufficient to calculate view-dependent appearance, such as specular reflection, in geometry-based view synthesis. In this work, we present a practical solution of inverse rendering to enable view-dependent appearance synthesis, particularly of scene scale. We enhance the scene geometry by eliminating the specular component, thus enforcing photometric consistency. We then estimate spatially-varying parameters of diffuse, specular, and normal components from wide-baseline light fields. To validate our method, we built a wide-baseline light field imaging prototype that consists of 32 machine vision cameras with fisheye lenses of 185 degrees that cover the forward hemispherical appearance of scenes. We captured various indoor scenes, and results validate that our method can estimate scene geometry and reflectance parameters with high accuracy, enabling view-dependent appearance synthesis at scene scale with high fidelity, i.e., specular reflection changes according to a virtual viewpoint.

To estimate appearance parameters, traditional SVBRDF acquisition methods require multiple input images to be captured with various angles of light and camera, followed by a post-processing step. For this reason, subjects have been limited to static scenes, or a multiview system is required to capture dynamic objects. In this paper, we propose a simultaneous acquisition method of SVBRDF and shape allowing us to capture the material appearance of deformable objects in motion using a single RGBD camera. To do so, we progressively integrate photometric samples of surfaces in motion in a volumetric data structure with a deformation graph. Then, building upon recent advances of fusion-based methods, we estimate SVBRDF parameters in motion. We make use of a conventional RGBD camera that consists of the color and infrared cameras with active infrared illumination. The color camera is used for capturing diffuse properties, and the infrared camera-illumination module is employed for estimating specular properties by means of active illumination. Our joint optimization yields complete material appearance parameters. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with extensive evaluation on both synthetic and real data that include various deformable objects of specular and diffuse appearance.

To estimate appearance parameters, traditional SVBRDF acquisition methods require multiple input images to be captured with various angles of light and camera, followed by a post-processing step. For this reason, subjects have been limited to static scenes, or a multiview system is required to capture dynamic objects. In this paper, we propose a simultaneous acquisition method of SVBRDF and shape allowing us to capture the material appearance of deformable objects in motion using a single RGBD camera. To do so, we progressively integrate photometric samples of surfaces in motion in a volumetric data structure with a deformation graph. Then, building upon recent advances of fusion-based methods, we estimate SVBRDF parameters in motion. We make use of a conventional RGBD camera that consists of the color and infrared cameras with active infrared illumination. The color camera is used for capturing diffuse properties, and the infrared camera-illumination module is employed for estimating specular properties by means of active illumination. Our joint optimization yields complete material appearance parameters. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with extensive evaluation on both synthetic and real data that include various deformable objects of specular and diffuse appearance.

Realistic modeling of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of scene objects is a vital prerequisite for any type of physically based rendering. In the last decades, the availability of databases containing real-world material measurements has fueled considerable innovation in the development of such models. However, previous work in this area was mainly focused on increasing the visual realism of images, and hence ignored the effect of scattering on the polarization state of light, which is normally imperceptible to the human eye. Existing databases thus only capture scattered flux, or they are too directionally sparse (e.g.,~in-plane) to be usable for simulation. While subtle to human observers, polarization is easily perceived by any optical sensor (e.g., using polarizing filters), providing a wealth of additional information about shape and material properties of the object under observation. Given the increasing application of rendering in the solution of inverse problems via analysis-by-synthesis and differentiation, the ability to realistically model polarized radiative transport is thus highly desirable. Polarization depends on the wavelength of the spectrum, and thus we provide the first polarimetric BRDF (pBRDF) dataset that captures the polarimetric properties of real-world materials over the full angular domain, and at multiple wavelengths. Acquisition of such reflectance data is challenging due to the extremely large space of angular, spectral, and polarimetric configurations that must be observed, and we propose a scheme combining image-based acquisition with spectroscopic ellipsometry to perform measurements in a realistic amount of time. This process yields raw Mueller matrices, which we subsequently transform into Rusinkiewicz-parameterized pBRDFs that can be used for rendering. Our dataset provides 25 isotropic pBRDFs spanning a wide range of appearances: diffuse/specular, metallic/dielectric, rough/smooth, and different color albedos, captured in five wavelength ranges covering the visible spectrum. We demonstrate usage of our data-driven pBRDF model in a physically based renderer that accounts for polarized interreflection, and we investigate the relationship of polarization and material appearance, providing insights into the behavior of characteristic real-world pBRDFs.

Real-time RGB-D scanning has become widely used to scan 3D objects progressively with a hand-held sensor. Existing online methods restore color information per voxel so that its quality is often limited by the tradeoff between spatial resolution and performance. They often suffer from blur artifacts in the captured texture. Traditional offline texture mapping methods with non-rigid warping assume that the reconstructed geometry and all views are known, and the optimization takes a long time, which prevents them from real-time applications. In this work, we propose a progressive texture-fusion method specifically designed for real-time RGB-D scanning. To this end, we first devise a novel texture-tile voxel grid, where texture tiles are embedded in the voxel grid of the signed distance function, allowing for high-resolution texture mapping on the low-resolution geometry volume. Instead of using expensive mesh parameterization, we associate vertexes of implicit geometry directly with texture coordinates. Second, we introduce real-time texture warping that applies spatially-varying perspective mapping to input images to efficiently mitigate the mismatch between the intermediate geometry and the current input view. It allows us to enhance the quality of texture over time while updating the geometry in real-time. Results demonstrate that the quality of our real-time texture mapping is highly competitive to that of existing offline texture warping methods. Our method is also capable of being integrated into existing RGB-D scanning frameworks.

Cameras that capture color and depth information have become an essential imaging modality for applications in robotics, autonomous driving, virtual, and augmented reality. Existing RGB-D cameras rely on multiple sensors or active illumination with specialized sensors. In this work, we propose a method for monocular single-shot RGB-D imaging. Instead of learning depth from single-image depth cues, we revisit double-refraction imaging using a birefractive medium, measuring depth as the displacement of differently refracted images superimposed in a single capture. However, existing double-refraction methods are orders of magnitudes too slow to be used in real-time applications, e.g., in robotics, and provide only inaccurate depth due to correspondence ambiguity in double reflection. We resolve this ambiguity optically by leveraging the orthogonality of the two linearly polarized rays in double refraction -- introducing uneven double refraction by adding a linear polarizer to the birefractive medium. Doing so makes it possible to develop a real-time method for reconstructing sparse depth and color simultaneously in real-time. We validate the proposed method, both synthetically and experimentally, and demonstrate 3D object detection and photographic applications.

Capturing high-quality surface normals is critical to acquire the surface geometry of mesostructures, such as hair and metal wires with high resolution. Existing image-based acquisition methods have assumed a specific type of surface reflectance. The shape-from-shading approach, a.k.a. photometric stereo, makes use of the shading information by a point light, assuming that surfaces are perfectly diffuse. The shape-from-specularity approach captures specular reflection densely, assuming that surfaces are overly smooth. These existing methods often fail, however, due to the difference between the presumed and the actual reflectance of real-world objects. Also, these existing methods require multiple images with different light vectors. In this work, we present a single-shot normal acquisition method, designed especially for cylindrical mesostructures on a nearflat geometry. We leverage diffuse illumination to eliminate the reflectance assumption. We then propose a local shape-from-intensity approach combined with local orientation detection. We conducted several experiments with synthetic and real objects. Quantitative and qualitative results validate that our method can capture surface normals of cylindrical mesostructures with high accuracy.

We present a solution for novel view extrapolation that works even when the number of input images is small---as few as two. In this context, occlusions and depth uncertainty are two of the most pressing issues, and worsen as the degree of extrapolation increases. We follow the traditional paradigm of performing depth-based warping and refinement, enhanced with a few key improvements. First, we estimate a depth probability volume for the novel view rather than just a single depth value for each pixel. This allows us to leverage depth uncertainty in challenging regions, such as depth discontinuities. After using it to get an initial estimate of the novel view, we explicitly combine learned image priors and the depth uncertainty to synthesize a refined image with less artifacts. Our method is the first to show visually pleasing results for baseline magnifications of up to 30 times.

Many 4D light field processing applications rely on superpixel segmentation, for which occlusion-aware view consistency is important. Yet, existing methods often enforce consistency by propagating clusters from a central view only, which can lead to inconsistent superpixels for non-central views. Our proposed approach combines an occlusion-aware angular segmentation in horizontal and vertical the epipolar plane image (EPI) spaces with an occlusion-aware clustering and propagation step across all views. Qualitative video demonstrations show that this helps to remove flickering and inconsistent boundary shapes versus the state-of-the-art LFSP approach, and quantitative metrics reflect these findings with improved self similarity and number of labels per pixel scores.

Omnidirectional cameras are commonly equipped with fisheye-lenses to capture 360-degree visual information, and severe spherical projective distortion occurs when a 360-degree image is stored as a two-dimensional image array. As a consequence, traditional depth estimation methods are not directly applicable to omnidirectional cameras. Dense depth estimation for omnidirectional imaging has been achieved by applying several offline processes, such as patch-matching, optical flow, and convolutional propagation filtering, resulting in additional heavy computation. No dense depth estimation for real-time applications is available yet. In response, we propose an efficient depth densification method designed for omnidirectional imaging to achieve 360-degree dense depth video with an omnidirectional camera. First, our method takes sparse depth estimates as input with a conventional simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method. We then introduce a novel spherical pull-push method by devising a joint spherical pyramid for color and depth, based on multi-level icosahedron subdivision surfaces. This allows us to propagate the sparse depth continuously over 360-degree angles efficiently in an edge-aware manner. The results demonstrate that our real-time densification method is comparable to state-of-the-art offline methods in terms of per-pixel depth accuracy. Combining our depth densification with a conventional SLAM allows us to capture real-time 360-degree RGB-D video with a single omnidirectional camera.

Traditional view synthesis for image-based rendering requires various processes: camera synchronization with professional equipment, geometric calibration, multiview stereo, and surface reconstruction, resulting in heavy computation, in addition to manual user interactions throughout these processes. Therefore, view synthesis has been available exclusively for professional users. In this paper, we address these expensive costs to enable view synthesis for casual users even with mobile-phone cameras. We assume that casual users take multiple photographs using their phone-cameras, which are used for view synthesis. First, without relying on any expensive synchronization hardware, our method can capture synchronous multiview photographs by utilizing a wireless network protocol. Second, our method provides light-weight image-based rendering on the mobile phone, where heavy computational processes, such as estimating geometry proxies, alpha mattes, and inpainted textures, are processed by a server to be shared in an interactable time. Finally, it allows us to render novel view synthesis along a virtual camera path on the mobile devices, enabling bullet-time photography from casual multiview captures.

Traditional snapshot hyperspectral imaging systems include various optical elements: a dispersive optical element (prism), a coded aperture, several relay lenses, and an imaging lens, resulting in an impractically large form factor. We seek an alternative, minimal form factor of snapshot spectral imaging based on recent advances in diffractive optical technology. We there- upon present a compact, diffraction-based snapshot hyperspectral imaging method, using only a novel diffractive optical element (DOE) in front of a conventional, bare image sensor. Our diffractive imaging method replaces the common optical elements in hyperspectral imaging with a single optical element. To this end, we tackle two main challenges: First, the traditional diffractive lenses are not suitable for color imaging under incoherent illu- mination due to severe chromatic aberration because the size of the point spread function (PSF) changes depending on the wavelength. By leveraging this wavelength-dependent property alternatively for hyperspectral imag- ing, we introduce a novel DOE design that generates an anisotropic shape of the spectrally-varying PSF. The PSF size remains virtually unchanged, but instead the PSF shape rotates as the wavelength of light changes. Sec- ond, since there is no dispersive element and no coded aperture mask, the ill-posedness of spectral reconstruction increases significantly. Thus, we pro- pose an end-to-end network solution based on the unrolled architecture of an optimization procedure with a spatial-spectral prior, specifically designed for deconvolution-based spectral reconstruction. Finally, we demonstrate hyperspectral imaging with a fabricated DOE attached to a conventional DSLR sensor. Results show that our method compares well with other state- of-the-art hyperspectral imaging methods in terms of spectral accuracy and spatial resolution, while our compact, diffraction-based spectral imaging method uses only a single optical element on a bare image sensor.

Hair is one of the most challenging objects to reconstruct due to its micro-scale structure and a large number of repeated strands with heavy occlusions. In this paper, we present the first method to capture high-fidelity hair geometry with strand-level accuracy. Our method takes three stages to achieve this. In the first stage, a new multi-view stereo method with a slanted support line is proposed to solve the hair correspondences between different views. In detail, we contribute a novel cost function consisting of both photo-consistency term and geometric term that reconstructs each hair pixel as a 3D line. By merging all the depth maps, a point cloud, as well as local line directions for each point, is obtained. Thus, in the second stage, we feature a novel strand reconstruction method with the mean-shift to convert the noisy point data to a set of strands. Lastly, we grow the hair strands with multi-view geometric constraints to elongate the short strands and recover the missing strands, thus significantly increasing the reconstruction completeness. We evaluate our method on both synthetic data and real captured data, showing that our method can reconstruct hair strands with sub-millimeter accuracy.

Regularization is a fundamental technique to solve an ill-posed optimization problem robustly and is essential to reconstruct compressive hyperspectral images. Various hand-crafted priors have been employed as a regularizer but are often insufficient to handle the wide variety of spectra of natural hyperspectral images, resulting in poor reconstruction quality. Moreover, the prior-regularized optimization requires manual tweaking of its weight parameters to achieve a balance between the spatial and spectral fidelity of result images. In this paper, we present a novel hyperspectral image reconstruction algorithm that substitutes the traditional hand-crafted prior with a data-driven prior, based on an optimization-inspired network. Our method consists of two main parts: First, we learn a novel datadriven prior that regularizes the optimization problem with a goal to boost the spatial-spectral fidelity. Our data-driven prior learns both local coherence and dynamic characteristics of natural hyperspectral images. Second, we combine our regularizer with an optimization-inspired network to overcome the heavy computation problem in the traditional iterative optimization methods. We learn the complete parameters in the network through end-to-end training, enabling robust performance with high accuracy. Extensive simulation and hardware experiments validate the superior performance of our method over the state-of-theart methods.

High-dynamic-range (HDR) video streams have been delivered through high efficiency video coding (HEVC). HDR video tone mapping is additionally required but is operated separately to adjust the content’s dynamic range for each display device. HDR video tone mapping and HEVC encoding share common computational processes for spatial and temporal coherence in a video stream; however, they have been developed and implemented independently with their own computational budgets. In this work, we propose a practical HDR video tone-mapping method that combines two overlapping computational blocks in HDR video tone-mapping and HEVC compression frameworks with the objective of achieving real-time HDR video tone mapping. We utilize precomputed coding blocks and motion vectors so as to achieve spatial and temporal coherence of HDR video tonemapping in the decoding stage, even without introducing substantial computational cost. Results demonstrate that our method can achieve real-time performance without compromising the video quality, which is highly comparable to that of state-of-the-art video tone-mapping methods.

A 3D modeling system with all-inclusive functionality is too demanding for a casual 3D modeler to learn. There has been a shift towards more approachable systems, with easy-to-learn, intuitive interfaces. However, most modeling systems still employ mouse and keyboard interfaces, despite the ubiquity of tablet devices and the benefits of multi-touch interfaces. We introduce an alternative 3D modeling and fabrication paradigm using developable surfaces, inspired by traditional papercrafting, and we implement it as a complete system designed for a multi-touch tablet, allowing a user to fabricate 3D scenes. We demonstrate the modeling and fabrication process of assembling complex 3D scenes from a collection of simpler models, in turn shaped through operations applied to virtual paper. Our fabrication method facilitates the assembly of the scene with real paper by automatically converting scenes into a series of cutouts with appropriately added fiducial markers and supporting structures. Our system assists users in creating occluded supporting structures to help maintain the spatial and rigid properties of a scene without compromising its aesthetic qualities. We demonstrate several 3D scenes modeled and fabricated in our system, and evaluate the faithfulness of our fabrications relative to their virtual counterparts and 3D-printed fabrications.

The primary challenge for removing haze from a single image is lack of decomposition cues between the original light transport and airlight scattering in a scene. Many dehazing algorithms start from an assumption on natural image statistics to estimate airlight from sparse cues. The sparsely estimated airlight cues need to be propagated according to the local density of airlight in the form of a transmission map, which allows us to obtain a haze-free image by subtracting airlight from the hazy input. Traditional airlight-propagation methods rely on ordinary regularization on a grid random field, which often results in isolated haze artifacts when they fail in estimating local density of airlight properly. In this work, we propose a non-local regularization method for dehazing by combining Markov random fields (MRFs) with nearest-neighbor fields (NNFs) extracted from the hazy input using the PatchMatch algorithm. Our method starts from the insightful observation that the extracted NNFs can associate pixels at the similar depth. Since regional haze in the atmosphere is correlated with its depth, we can allow propagation across the iso-depth pixels with the MRF-based regularization problem with the NNFs. Our results validate how our method can restore a wide range of hazy images of natural landscape clearly without suffering from haze isolation artifacts. Also, our regularization method is directly applicable to various dehazing methods.

Capturing spatially-varying bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (SVBRDFs) of 3D objects with just a single, hand-held camera (such as an off-the-shelf smartphone or a DSLR camera) is a difficult, open problem. Previous works are either limited to planar geometry, or rely on previously scanned 3D geometry, thus limiting their practicality. There are several technical challenges that need to be overcome: First, the built-in flash of a camera is almost colocated with the lens, and at a fixed position; this severely hampers sampling procedures in the light-view space. Moreover, the near-field flash lights the object partially and unevenly. In terms of geometry, existing multiview stereo techniques assume diffuse reflectance only, which leads to overly smoothed 3D reconstructions, as we show in this paper. We present a simple yet powerful framework that removes the need for expensive, dedicated hardware, enabling practical acquisition of SVBRDF information from real-world, 3D objects with a single, off-the-shelf camera with a built-in flash. In addition, by removing the diffuse reflection assumption and leveraging instead such SVBRDF information, our method outputs high-quality 3D geometry reconstructions, including more accurate high-frequency details than state-of-the-art multiview stereo techniques. We formulate the joint reconstruction of SVBRDFs, shading normals, and 3D geometry as a multi-stage, iterative inverse-rendering reconstruction pipeline. Our method is also directly applicable to any existing multiview 3D reconstruction technique. We present results of captured objects with complex geometry and reflectance; we also validate our method numerically against other existing approaches that rely on dedicated hardware, additional sources of information, or both.

Capturing appearance often requires dense sampling in light-view space, which is often achieved in specialized, expensive hardware setups. With the aim of realizing a compact acquisition setup without multiple angu- lar samples of light and view, we sought to leverage an alternative optical property of light, polarization. To this end, we capture a set of polarimetric images with linear polarizers in front of a single projector and camera to obtain the appearance and normals of real-world objects. We encountered two technical challenges: First, no complete polarimetric BRDF model is available for modeling mixed polarization of both specular and diffuse reflec- tion. Second, existing polarization-based inverse rendering methods are not applicable to a single local illumination setup since they are formulated with the assumption of spherical illumination. To this end, we first present a com- plete polarimetric BRDF (pBRDF) model that can define mixed polarization of both specular and diffuse reflection. Second, by leveraging our pBRDF model, we propose a novel inverse-rendering method with joint optimization of pBRDF and normals to capture spatially-varying material appearance: per-material specular properties (including the refractive index, specular roughness and specular coefficient), per-pixel diffuse albedo and normals. Our method can solve the severely ill-posed inverse-rendering problem by carefully accounting for the physical relationship between polarimetric appearance and geometric properties. We demonstrate how our method overcomes limited sampling in light-view space for inverse rendering by means of polarization.

Microfacet theory concisely models light transport over rough surfaces. Specular reflection is the result of single mirror reflections on each facet, while exact computation of multiple scattering is either neglected, or modeled using costly importance sampling techniques. Practical but accurate simulation of multiple scattering in microfacet theory thus remains an open challenge. In this work, we revisit the traditional V-groove cavity model and derive an analytical, cost-effective solution for multiple scattering in rough surfaces. Our kaleidoscopic model is made up of both real and virtual Vgrooves, and allows us to calculate higher-order scattering in the microfacets in an analytical fashion.We then extend our model to include nonsymmetric grooves, allowing for additional degrees of freedom on the surface geometry, improving multiple reflections at grazing angles with backward compatibility to traditional normal distribution functions. We validate the accuracy of our model against ground-truth Monte Carlo simulations, and demonstrate its flexibility on anisotropic and textured materials. Our model is analytical, does not introduce significant cost and variance, can be seamless integrated in any rendering engine, preserves reciprocity and energy conservation, and is suitable for bidirectional methods.

Increased demand for compact devices leads to rapid development of miniaturized digital cameras. However, conventional camera modules contain multiple lenses along the optical axis to compensate for optical aberrations that introduce technical challenges in reducing the total thickness of the camera module. Here, we report an ultrathin digital camera inspired by the vision principle of Xenos peckii, an endoparasite of paper wasps. The male Xenos peckii has an unusual visual system that exhibits distinct benefits for high resolution and high sensitivity, unlike the compound eyes found in most insects and some crustaceans. The biologically inspired camera features a sandwiched configuration of concave microprisms, microlenses, and pinhole arrays on a flat image sensor. The camera shows a field-of-view (FOV) of 68 degrees with a diameter of 3.4 mm and a total track length of 1.4 mm. The biologically inspired camera offers a new opportunity for developing ultrathin cameras in medical, industrial, and military fields.

We present a novel method that can enhance the spatial resolution of stereo images using a parallax prior. While traditional stereo imaging has focused on estimating depth from stereo images, our method utilizes stereo images to enhance spatial resolution instead of estimating disparity. The critical challenge for enhancing spatial resolution from stereo images: how to register corresponding pixels with subpixel accuracy. Since disparity in traditional stereo imaging is calculated per pixel, it is directly inappropriate for enhancing spatial resolution. We, therefore, learn a parallax prior from stereo image datasets by jointly training two-stage networks. The first network learns how to enhance the spatial resolution of stereo images in luminance, and the second network learns how to reconstruct a high-resolution color image from high-resolution luminance and chrominance of the input image. Our two-stage joint network enhances the spatial resolution of stereo images significantly more than single-image super-resolution methods. The proposed method is directly applicable to any stereo depth imaging methods, enabling us to enhance the spatial resolution of stereo images.

We present a novel hyperspectral image reconstruction algorithm, which overcomes the long-standing tradeoff between spectral accuracy and spatial resolution in existing compressive imaging approaches. Our method consists of two steps: First, we learn nonlinear spectral representations from real-world hyperspectral datasets; for this, we build a convolutional autoencoder, which allows reconstructing its own input through its encoder and decoder networks. Second, we introduce a novel optimization method, which jointly regularizes the fidelity of the learned nonlinear spectral representations and the sparsity of gradients in the spatial domain, by means of our new fidelity prior. Our technique can be applied to any existing compressive imaging architecture, and has been thoroughly tested both in simulation, and by building a prototype hyperspectral imaging system. It outperforms the state-of-the-art methods from each architecture, both in terms of spectral accuracy and spatial resolution, while its computational complexity is reduced by two orders of magnitude with respect to sparse coding techniques. Moreover, we present two additional applications of our method: hyperspectral interpolation and demosaicing. Last, we have created a new high-resolution hyperspectral dataset containing sharper images of more spectral variety than existing ones, available through our project website.

We present a novel, compact single-shot hyperspectral imaging method. It enables capturing hyperspectral images using a conventional DSLR camera equipped with just an ordinary refractive prism in front of the camera lens. Our computational imaging method reconstructs the full spectral information of a scene from dispersion over edges. Our setup requires no coded aperture mask, no slit, and no collimating optics, which are necessary for traditional hyperspectral imaging systems. It is thus very cost-effective, while still highly accurate. We tackle two main problems: First, since we do not rely on collimation, the sensor records a projection of the dispersion information, distorted by perspective. Second, available spectral cues are sparse, present only around object edges. We formulate an image formation model that can predict the perspective projection of dispersion, and a reconstruction method that can estimate the full spectral information of a scene from sparse dispersion information. Our results show that our method compares well with other state-of-the-art hyperspectral imaging systems, both in terms of spectral accuracy and spatial resolution, while being orders of magnitude cheaper than commercial imaging systems.

Time-of-flight (ToF) imaging has become a widespread technique for depth estimation, allowing affordable off-the-shelf cameras to provide depth maps in real time. However, multipath interference (MPI) resulting from indirect illumination significantly degrades the captured depth. Most previous works have tried to solve this problem by means of complex hardware modifications or costly computations. In this work, we avoid these approaches and propose a new technique to correct errors in depth caused by MPI, which requires no camera modifications and takes just 10 milliseconds per frame. Our observations about the nature of MPI suggest that most of its information is available in image space; this allows us to formulate the depth imaging process as a spatially-varying convolution and use a convolutional neural network to correct MPI errors. Since the input and output data present similar structure, we base our network on an autoencoder, which we train in two stages. First, we use the encoder (convolution filters) to learn a suitable basis to represent MPI-corrupted depth images; then, we train the decoder (deconvolution filters) to correct depth from synthetic scenes, generated by using a physically-based, time-resolved renderer. This approach allows us to tackle a key problem in ToF, the lack of ground-truth data, by using a large-scale captured training set with MPI-corrupted depth to train the encoder, and a smaller synthetic training set with ground truth depth to train the decoder stage of the network. We demonstrate and validate our method on both synthetic and real complex scenarios, using an off-the-shelf ToF camera, and with only the captured, incorrect depth as input.

For extending the dynamic range of video, it is a common practice to capture multiple frames sequentially with different exposures and combine them to extend the dynamic range of each video frame. However, this approach results in typical ghosting artifacts due to fast and complex motion in nature. As an alternative, video imaging with interlaced exposures has been introduced to extend the dynamic range. However, the interlaced approach has been hindered by jaggy artifacts and sensor noise, leading to concerns over image quality. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach for jointly solving two specific problems of deinterlacing and denoising that arise in interlaced video imaging with different exposures. First, we solve the deinterlacing problem using joint dictionary learning via sparse coding. Since partial information of detail in differently exposed rows is often available via interlacing, we make use of the information to reconstruct details of the extend dynamic range from the interlaced video input. Second, we jointly solve the denoising problem by tailoring sparse coding to better handle additive noise in low-/high-exposure rows, and also adopt multiscale homography flow to temporal sequences for denoising. We anticipate that the proposed method will allow for concurrent capture of higher dynamic range video frames without suffering from ghosting artifacts. We demonstrate the advantages of our interlaced video imaging compared with state-of-the-art high-dynamic-range video methods.

Image stitching methods with spatially-varying homographies have been proposed to overcome partial misalignments caused by global perspective projection; however, local warp operators often fracture the coherence of linear structures, resulting in an inconsistent perspective. In this paper, we propose an image stitching method that warps a source image to a target image by local projective warps using planar perspective guidance. We first detect line structures that converge into three vanishing points, yielding line-cluster probability functions for each vanishing point. Then we estimate local homographies that account for planar perspective guidance from the joint probability of planar guidance, in addition to spatial coherence. This allows us to enhance linear perspective structures while warping multiple urban images with grid-like structures. Our results validate the effectiveness of our method over state-of-the-art projective warp methods in terms of planar perspective.

Patch-based image completion methods often fail in searching patch correspondences of similar materials due to shading caused by scene illumination, resulting in inappropriate image completion with dissimilar materials. We therefore present a novel image completion method that additionally accounts for intrinsic reflectance of scene objects, when searching patch correspondences. Our method examines both intrinsic reflectances and color image structures to avoid false correspondences of different materials so that our method can search and vote illumination-invariant patches robustly, allowing for image completion mainly with homogeneous materials. Our results validate that our reflectance-guided inpainting can produce more natural and consistent images than state-of-the-art inpainting methods even under various illumination conditions.

Phase-measuring profilometry (PMP) measures per-pixel height information of a surface with high accuracy. Height information captured by a camera in PMP relies on its screen coordinates. Therefore, a PMP measurement from a view cannot be integrated directly to other measurements from different views due to the intrinsic difference of the screen coordinates. In order to integrate multiple PMP scans, an auxiliary calibration of each camera's intrinsic and extrinsic properties is required, in addition to principal PMP calibration. This is cumbersome and often requires physical constraints in the system setup, and multiview PMP is consequently rarely practiced. In this work, we present a novel multiview PMP method that yields three-dimensional global coordinates directly so that three-dimensional measurements can be integrated easily. Our PMP calibration parameterizes intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the configuration of both a camera and a projector simultaneously. It also does not require any geometric constraints on the setup. In addition, we propose a novel calibration target that can remain static without requiring any mechanical operation while conducting multiview calibrations, whereas existing calibration methods require manually changing the target's position and orientation. Our results validate the accuracy of measurements and demonstrate the advantages on our multiview PMP.

Removing haze from a single image is a severely ill-posed problem due to the lack of the scene information. General dehazing algorithms estimate airlight initially using natural image statistics and then propagate the incompletely estimated airlight to build a dense transmission map, yielding a haze-free image. Propagating haze is different from other regularization problems, as haze is strongly correlated with depth according to the physics of light transport in participating media. However, since there is no depth information available in single-image dehazing, traditional regularization methods with a common grid random field often suffer from haze isolation artifacts caused by abrupt changes in scene depths. In this paper, to overcome the haze isolation problem, we propose a non-local regularization method by combining Markov random fields (MRFs) with nearest-neighbor fields (NNFs), based on our insightful observation that the NNFs searched in a hazy image associate patches at the similar depth, as local haze in the atmosphere is proportional to its depth. We validate that the proposed method can regularize haze effectively to restore a variety of natural landscape images, as demonstrated in the results. This proposed regularization method can be used separately with any other dehazing algorithms to enhance haze regularization.

Acquiring microscale reflectance and normals is useful for digital documentation and identification of real-world materials. However, its simultaneous acquisition has rarely been explored due to the difficulties of combining both sources of information at such small scale. In this paper, we capture both spatially-varying material appearance (diffuse, specular and roughness) and normals simultaneously at the microscale resolution. We design and build a microscopic light dome with 374 LED lights over the hemisphere, specifically tailored to the characteristics of microscopic imaging. This allows us to achieve the highest resolution for such combined information among current state-of-the-art acquisition systems. We thoroughly test and characterize our system, and provide microscopic appearance measurements of a wide range of common materials, as well as renderings of novel views to validate the applicability of our captured data. Additional applications such as bi-scale material editing from real-world samples are also demonstrated.

We propose a novel birefractive depth acquisition method, which allows for single-shot depth imaging by just placing a birefringent material in front of the lens. While most transmissive materials present a single refractive index per wavelength, birefringent crystals like calcite posses two, resulting in a double refraction effect. We develop an imaging model that leverages this phenomenon and the information contained in the ordinary and the extraordinary refracted rays, providing an effective formulation of the geometric relationship between scene depth and double refraction. To handle the inherent ambiguity of having two sources of information overlapped in a single image, we define and combine two different cost volume functions. We additionally present a novel calibration technique for birefringence, carefully analyze and validate our model, and demonstrate the usefulness of our approach with several image-editing applications.

This work reports electrothermal MEMS parallel plate-rotation (PPR) for a single-imager based stereoscopic endoscope. A thin optical plate was directly connected to an electrothermal MEMS microactuator with bimorph structures of thin silicon and aluminum layers. The fabricated MEMS PPR device precisely rotates an transparent optical plate up to 37° prior to an endoscopic camera and creates the binocular disparities, comparable to those from binocular cameras with a baseline distance over 100 μm. The anaglyph 3D images and disparity maps were successfully achieved by extracting the local binocular disparities from two optical images captured at the relative positions. The physical volume of MEMS PPR is well fit in 3.4 mm x 3.3 mm x 1 mm. This method provides a new direction for compact stereoscopic 3D endoscopic imaging systems.

We present a multiview image completion method that provides geometric consistency among different views by propagating space structures. Since a user specifies the region to be completed in one of multiview photographs casually taken in a scene, the proposed method enables us to complete the set of photographs with geometric consistency by creating or removing structures on the specified region. The proposed method incorporates photographs to estimate dense depth maps. We initially complete color as well as depth from a view, and then facilitate two stages of structure propagation and structure-guided completion. Structure propagation optimizes space topology in the scene across photographs, while structure-guide completion enhances, and completes local image structure of both depth and color in multiple photographs with structural coherence by searching nearest neighbor fields in relevant views. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in completing multiview images.

Patch-based image synthesis has been enriched with global optimization on the image pyramid. Successively, the gradient-based synthesis has improved structural coherence and details. However, the gradient operator is directional and inconsistent and requires computing multiple operators. It also introduces a significantly heavy computational burden to solve the Poisson equation that often accompanies artifacts in non-integrable gradient fields. In this paper, we propose a patch-based synthesis using a Laplacian pyramid to improve searching correspondence with enhanced awareness of edge structures. Contrary to the gradient operators, the Laplacian pyramid has the advantage of being isotropic in detecting changes to provide more consistent performance in decomposing the base structure and the detailed localization. Furthermore, it does not require heavy computation as it employs approximation by the differences of Gaussians. We examine the potentials of the Laplacian pyramid for enhanced edge-aware correspondence search. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Laplacian-based approach over the state-of-the-art patch-based image synthesis methods.

The performance of depth reconstruction in binocular stereo relies on how adequate the predefined baseline for a target scene is. Wide-baseline stereo is capable of discriminating depth better than the narrow-baseline stereo, but it often suffers from spatial artifacts. Narrow-baseline stereo can provide a more elaborate depth map with fewer artifacts, while its depth resolution tends to be biased or coarse due to the short disparity. In this paper, we propose a novel optical design of heterogeneous stereo fusion on a binocular imaging system with a refractive medium, where the binocular stereo part operates as wide-baseline stereo, and the refractive stereo module works as narrow-baseline stereo. We then introduce a stereo fusion workflow that combines the refractive and binocular stereo algorithms to estimate fine depth information through this fusion design. In addition, we propose an efficient calibration method for refractive stereo. The quantitative and qualitative results validate the performance of our stereo fusion system in measuring depth in comparison with homogeneous stereo approaches.

The coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI) architecture has been employed widely for capturing hyperspectral video. Despite allowing concurrent capture of hyperspectral video, spatial modulation in CASSI sacrifices image resolution significantly while reconstructing spectral projection via sparse sampling. Several multiview alternatives have been proposed to handle this low spatial resolution problem and improve measurement accuracy, for instance, by adding a translation stage for the coded aperture or changing the static coded aperture with a digital micromirror device for dynamic modulation. State- of-the-art solutions enhance spatial resolution significantly but are incapable of capturing video using CASSI. In this paper, we present a novel compressive coded aperture imaging design that increases spatial resolution while capturing 4D hyperspectral video of dynamic scenes. We revise the traditional CASSI design to allow for multiple sampling of the randomness of spatial modulation in a single frame. We demonstrate that our compressive video spectroscopy approach yields enhanced spatial resolution and consistent measurements, compared with the traditional CASSI design.

Two-dimensional imaging through digital photography has been a main application of mobile computing devices, such as smart phones, during the last decade. Expanding the dimensions of digital imaging, the recent advances in 3D imaging technology are about to be combined with such smart devices, resulting in broadened applications of 3D imaging. This chapter presents the foundations of 3D imaging, that is, the relationship between disparity and depth in a stereo camera system, and it surveys a general workflow to build a 3D model from sensor data. In addition, recent advanced 3D imaging applications are introduced: hyperspectral 3D imaging, multispectral photometric stereo and stereo fusion of refractive and binocular stereo.

Measuring and quantifying color defects in flat panel displays (FPDs) are critical in the FPD industry and related busi- ness. Color defects are traditionally investigated by professional human assessors as color defects are subtle perceptual phenomena that are difficult to detect using a camera system. However, human-based inspection has hindered the quantitative analysis of such color defects. Thus, the industrial automation of color defect measurement in FPDs has been severely limited even by leading manufacturers accordingly. This paper presents a systematic framework for the measurement and numerical evaluation of color defects. Our framework exploits high-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging to robustly measure physically-meaningful quantities of subtle color defects. In addition to the application of advanced imaging technology, an image appearance model is employed to predict the human visual perception of color defects as human assessors do. This proposed automated framework can output quantitative analysis of the color defects. This work demonstrates the performance of the proposed workflow in investigating subtle color defects in FPDs with a high accuracy.

Hyperspectral imaging has become more accessible nowadays as an image-based acquisition tool for physically-meaningful measurements. This technology is now evolving from classical 2D imaging to 3D imaging, allowing us to measure physically-meaningful reflectance on 3D solid objects. This chapter provides a brief overview on the foundations of hyperspectral imaging and introduces advanced applications of hyperspectral 3D imaging. This chapter first surveys the fundamentals of optics and calibration processes of hyperspectral imaging and then studies two typical designs of hyperspectral imaging. In addition to this introduction, this chapter briefly looks over the state-of-the-art applications of hyperspectral 3D imaging to measure hyperspectral intrinsic properties of surfaces on 3D solid objects.

We aim to improve the quality of time spent in co-located social interactions by encouraging people to limit their smartphone usage together. We present a prototype called Lock n’ LoL, an app that allows co-located users to lock their smartphones and limit their usage by enforcing users to ask for explicit use permission. From our preliminary study, we designed two modes to deal with the dynamics of smartphone use during the co-located social interactions: (1) socializing mode (i.e., locking smartphones to limit usage together) and (2) temporary use mode (i.e., requesting/granting temporary smartphone use). We conducted a pilot study (n = 20) with our working prototype, and the results documented the helpfulness of Lock n' LoL when used in socializing.

The performance of depth reconstruction in binocular stereo relies on how adequate the predefined baseline for a target scene is. Long-baseline stereo is capable of discriminating depth better than the short one, but it often suffers from spatial artifacts. Short-baseline stereo can provide a more elaborate depth map with less artifacts, while its depth resolution tends to be biased or coarse due to the short disparity. In this paper, we first propose a novel optical design of heterogeneous stereo fusion on a binocular imaging system with a refractive medium, where the binocular stereo part operates as long-baseline stereo; the refractive stereo module functions as short-baseline stereo. We then introduce a stereo fusion workflow that combines the refractive and binocular stereo algorithms to estimate fine depth information through this fusion design. The quantitative and qualitative results validate the performance of our stereo fusion system in measuring depth, compared with traditional homogeneous stereo approaches.

An advanced imaging technique of multispectral imaging has become more accessible as a physically-meaningful image-based measurement tool, and photometric stereo has been commonly practiced for digitizing a 3D shape with simplicity for more than three decades. However, these two imaging techniques have rarely been combined as a 3D imaging application yet. Reconstructing the shape of a 3D object using photometric stereo is still challenging due to the optical phenomena such as indirect illumination, specular reflection, self shadow. In addition, removing interreflection in photometric stereo is a traditional chicken-and-egg problem as we need to account for interreflection without knowing geometry. In this paper, we present a novel multispectral photometric stereo method that allows us to remove interreflection on diffuse materials using multispectral reflectance information. Our proposed method can be easily integrated into an existing photometric stereo system by simply substituting the current camera with a multispectral camera, as our method does not rely on additional structured or colored lights. We demonstrate several benefits of our multispectral photometric stereo method such as removing interreflection and reconstructing the 3D shapes of objects to a high accuracy.

A 3D modeling system that provides all-inclusive functionality is generally too demanding for a casual 3D modeler to learn. In recent years, there has been a shift towards developing more approachable systems, with easy-to-learn, intuitive interfaces. However, most modeling systems still employ mouse and keyboard interfaces, despite the ubiquity of tablet devices, and the benefits of multi-touch interfaces applied to 3D modeling. In this paper, we introduce an alternative 3D modeling paradigm for creating developable surfaces, inspired by traditional papercrafting, and implemented as a system designed from the start for a multi-touch tablet. We demonstrate the process of assembling complex 3D scenes from a collection of simpler models, in turn shaped through operations applied to sheets of virtual paper. The modeling and assembling operations mimic familiar, real-world operations performed on paper, allowing users to quickly learn our system with very little guidance. We outline key design decisions made throughout the development process, based on feedback obtained through collaboration with target users. Finally, we include a range of models created in our system.

Precomputed radiance transfer techniques have been broadly used for supporting complex illumination effects on diffuse and glossy objects. Although working with the wavelet domain is efficient in handling all-frequency illumination, the spherical harmonics domain is more convenient for interactively changing lights and views on the fly due to the rotational invariant nature of the spherical harmonic domain. For interactive lighting, however, the number of coefficients must be limited and the high orders of coefficients have to be eliminated. Therefore spherical harmonic lighting has been preferred and practiced only for interactive soft-diffuse lighting. In this paper, we propose a simple but practical filtering solution using locally adaptive products of high-order harmonic coefficients within the genuine spherical harmonic lighting framework. Our approach works out on the fly in two-fold. We first conduct multi-level filtering on vertices in order to determine regions of interests, where the high orders of harmonics are necessary for high frequency lighting. The initially determined regions of interests are then refined through filling in the incomplete regions by traveling the neighboring vertices. Even not relying on graphics hardware, the proposed method allows to compute high order products of spherical harmonic lighting for both diffuse and specular lighting.

Liquid crystal tunable filters can provide rapid and vibrationless section of any wavelength in transmitting spectrum so that they have been broadly used in building multispectral or hyperspectral imaging systems. However, the spectral range of the filters is limited to a certain range, such as visible or near-infrared spectrum. In general hyperspectral imaging applications, we are therefore forced to choose a certain range of target spectrum, either visible or near-infrared for instance. Owing to the nature of polarizing optical elements, imaging systems combined with multiple tunable filters have been rarely practiced. In this paper, we therefore present our experience of building a two-way hyperspectral imaging system with liquid crystal tunable filters. The system allows us to capture hyperspectral radiance continuously from visible to near-infrared spectrum (400-1100 nm at 7 nm intervals), which is 2.3 times wider and 34 times more channels compared to a common RGB camera. We report how we handle the multiple polarizing elements to extend the spectral range of the imager with the multiple tunable filters and propose an affine-based method to register the hyperspectral image channels of each wavelength.

Art conservators now have access to a wide variety of digital imaging techniques to assist in examining and documenting physical works of art. Commonly used techniques include hyperspectral imaging, 3D scanning and medical CT imaging. However, viewing most of this digital image data frequently requires both specialized software, which is often associated with a particular type of acquisition device, and professional knowledge of and experience with each type of data. In addition, many of these software packages are focused on particular applications (such as medicine or remote sensing) and do not permit users to access and fully exploit all the information contained in the data. In this paper, we address two practical barriers to using high-tech digital data in art conservation. First, users must deal with a wide variety of interfaces specialized for applications besides conservation. We provide an open-source software tool with a single intuitive interface consistent with conservators’ needs that handles various types of 2D and 3D image data and preserves user-generated metadata and annotations. Second, previous software has largely allowed visualizing a single type or only a few types of data. The software we present is designed and structured to accommodate multiple types of digital imaging data, including as yet unspecified or unimplemented formats, in an integrated environment. This allows conservators to access different forms of information and to view a variety of image types simultaneously.

Digital cameras are a common feature of most mobile phones. In this chapter, we will outline the basics of digital cameras to help users understand the differences between image features formed by sensors and optics in order to control their governing parameters more precisely. We will examine a digital camera that captures not only still images but also video, given that most modern cameras are capable of capturing both types of image data. This chapter provides a general overview of current camera components required in three-dimensional (3D) processing and labeling, which will be examined in the remainder of this book. We will study each stage of light transport via the camera’s optics, before light is captured as an image by the sensor and stored in a given format. Section 2.2 introduces the fundamentals of light transport as well as notations for wavelength and color spaces, commonly used in imaging. Section 2.3 examines how cameras have been adapted to capture and transform into digital image. This section also describes the details of different components in a camera and their influence on the final image. In particular, we will provide a brief overview of different optical components and sensors, examining their advantages and limitations. This section also explains how these limitations can be corrected by applying post-processing algorithms to the acquired images. Section 2.4 investigates the link between camera models and the human visual system in terms of perception, optics and color fidelity. Section 2.5 briefly explores two current camera techniques; high dynamic range (HDR) and hyperspectral imaging.

Emerging interfaces for video collections of places attempt to link similar content with seamless transitions. However, the automatic computer vision techniques that enable these transitions have many failure cases which lead to artifacts in the final rendered transition. Under these conditions, which transitions are preferred by participants and which artifacts are most objectionable? We perform an experiment with participants comparing seven transition types, from movie cuts and dissolves to image-based warps and virtual camera transitions, across five scenes in a city. This document describes how we condition this experiment on slight and considerable view change cases, and how we analyze the feedback from participants to find their preference for transition types and artifacts. We discover that transition preference varies with view change, that automatic rendered transitions are significantly preferred even with some artifacts, and that dissolve transitions are comparable to less- sophisticated rendered transitions. This leads to insights into what visual features are important to maintain in a rendered transition, and to an artifact ordering within our transitions.

Feature films and computer games exhibit stunning photorealistic computer imagery in motion. The challenges in computer graphics realism lie in acquiring physically accurate material appearance in a high spectral resolution and representing the appearance with perceptual faithfulness. While many approaches for true spectral rendering have been tried in computer graphics, they have not been extensively explored due to the lack of reliable 3D spectral data. Recently, a hyperspectral 3D acquisition system and viewing software have been introduced to the graphics community. In this paper, we review the latest acquisition and visualization techniques for hyperspectral imaging in graphics. We give an overview of the 3D imaging system for capturing hyperspectral appearance on 3D objects and the visualization software package to exploit such high-tech digital data.

Art conservators now have access to a wide variety of digital imaging techniques to assist in examining and documenting physical works of art. Commonly used techniques include hyperspectral imaging, 3D scanning and medical CT imaging. However, most of the digital image data requires specialized software to view. The software is often associated with a particular type of acquisition device, and professional knowledge and experience is needed for each type of data. In addition, these software packages are often focused on particular applications (such as medicine or remote sensing) and are not designed to allow the free exploitation of these expensively acquired digital data. In this paper, we address two practical barriers in using the high-tech digital data in art conservation. First, there is the barrier of dealing with a wide variety of interfaces specialized for applications outside of art conservation. We provide an open-source software tool with a single intuitive user interface that can handle various types of 2/3D image data consistent with the needs of art conservation. Second, there is the barrier that previous software has been focused on a single data type. The software presented here is designed and structured to integrate various types of digital imaging data, including as yet unspecified data types, in an integrated environment. This provides conservators the free navigation of various imaging information and allows them to integrate the different types of imaging observations.

Sophisticated methods for true spectral rendering have been de- veloped in computer graphics to produce highly accurate images. In addition to traditional applications in visualizing appearance, such methods have potential applications in many areas of scientific study. In particular, we are motivated by the application of studying avian vision and appearance. An obstacle to using graphics in this application is the lack of reliable input data. We introduce an end-to- end measurement system for capturing spectral data on 3D objects. We present the modification of a recently developed hyperspectral imager to make it suitable for acquiring such data in a wide spec- tral range at high spectral and spatial resolution. We capture four megapixel images, with data at each pixel from the near-ultraviolet (359 nm) to near-infrared (1,003 nm) at 12 nm spectral resolution. We fully characterize the imaging system, and document its accuracy. This imager is integrated into a 3D scanning system to enable the measurement of the diffuse spectral reflectance and fluorescence of specimens. We demonstrate the use of this measurement system in the study of the interplay between the visual capabilities and ap- pearance of birds. We show further the use of the system in gaining insight into artifacts from geology and cultural heritage.

Architecture is design in spatial context. The only current methods for representing context involve designing in a heavyweight computer-aided design system, using a full model of existing buildings and landscape, or sketching on a panoramic photo. The former is too cumbersome; the latter is too restrictive in viewpoint and in the handling of occlusions and topography. We introduce a novel approach to presenting context such that it is an integral component in a lightweight conceptual design system. We represent sites through a fusion of data available from different sources. We derive a site model from geographic elevation data, on-site point-to-point distance measurements, and images of the site. To acquire and process the data, we use publicly available data sources, multi-dimensional scaling techniques and refinements of recent bundle adjustment techniques. We offer a suite of interactive tools to acquire, process, and combine the data into a lightweight stroke and image-billboard representation. We create multiple and linked pop-ups derived from images, forming a lightweight representation of a three-dimensional environment. We implemented our techniques in a stroke-based conceptual design system we call Insitu. We developed our work through continuous interaction with professional designers. We present designs created with our new techniques integrated in a conceptual design system.

Digital imaging of cultural heritage artifacts has become a standard practice. Typically, standard commercial cameras, often commodity rather than scientific grade cameras, are used for this purpose. Commercial cameras are optimized for plausible visual reproduction of a physical scene with respect to trichromatic human vision. However, visual reproduction is just one application of digital images in heritage. In this paper, we discuss the selection and characterization of an alternative imaging system that can be used for the physical analysis of artifacts as well as visually reproducing their appearance. The hardware and method we describe offers a middle ground between the low cost and ease of commodity cameras and the high cost and complexity of hyperspectral imaging systems. We describe the selection of a system, a protocol for characterizing the system and provide a case study using the system in the physical analysis of a medieval manuscript.

CASI is a snapshot capable UV-visible spectral imager for measuring bird plumage. Near apochromatic UV-visible optics were designed and built with an MTF for a 4Mpx detector. Wide-spectral bandwidth data from CASI is then presented.

Color perception is recognized to vary with surrounding spatial structure, but the impact of edge smoothness on color has not been studied in color appearance modeling. In this work, we study the appearance of color under different degrees of edge smoothness. A psychophysical experiment was conducted to quantify the change in perceived lightness, colorfulness and hue with respect to edge smoothness. We confirm that color appearance, in particular lightness, changes noticeably with increased smoothness. Based on our experimental data, we have developed a computational model that predicts this appearance change. The model can be integrated into existing color appearance models. We demonstrate the applicability of our model on a number of examples.

The aim of this thesis is to develop a colour reproduction system for high-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging. Classical colour reproduction systems fail to reproduce HDR images because current characterisation methods and colour appearance models fail to cover the dynamic range of luminance present in HDR images. HDR tone-mapping algorithms have been developed to reproduce HDR images on low-dynamic-range media such as LCD displays. However, most of these models have only considered luminance compression from a photographic point of view and have not explicitly taken into account colour appearance. Motivated by the idea to bridge the gap between cross-media colour reproduction and HDR imaging, this thesis investigates the fundamentals and the infrastructure of cross-media colour reproduction. It restructures cross-media colour reproduction with respect to HDR imaging, and develops a novel cross-media colour reproduction system for HDR imaging. First, our HDR characterisation method enables us to measure HDR radiance values to a high accuracy that rivals spectroradiometers. Second, our colour appearance model enables us to predict human colour perception under high luminance levels. We first built a high-luminance display in order to establish a controllable high-luminance viewing environment. We conducted a psychophysical experiment on this display device to measure perceptual colour attributes. A novel numerical model for colour appearance was derived from our experimental data, which covers the full working range of the human visual system. Our appearance model predicts colour and luminance attributes under high luminance levels. In particular, our model predicts perceived lightness and colourfulness to a significantly higher accuracy than other appearance models. Finally, a complete colour reproduction pipeline is proposed using our novel HDR characterisation and colour appearance models. Results indicate that our reproduction system outperforms other reproduction methods with statistical significance. Our colour reproduction system provides high-fidelity colour reproduction for HDR imaging, and successfully bridges the gap between cross-media colour reproduction and HDR imaging.

In this paper we evaluate the use of approximate visibility for efficient global illumination. Traditionally, accurate visibility is used in light transport. However, the indirect illumination we perceive on a daily basis is rarely of high frequency nature, as the most significant aspect of light transport in real-world scenes is diffuse, and thus displays a smooth gradation. This raises the question of whether accurate visibility is perceptually necessary in this case. To answer this question, we conduct a psychophysical study on the perceptual influence of approximate visibility on indirect illumination. This study reveals that accurate visibility is not required and that certain approximations may be introduced.

Display technology is advancing quickly with peak luminance increasing significantly, enabling high-dynamic-range displays. However, perceptual color appearance under extended luminance levels has not been studied, mainly due to the unavailability of psychophysical data. Therefore, we conduct a psychophysical study in order to acquire appearance data for many different luminance levels (up to 16,860 cd/m²) covering most of the dynamic range of the human visual system. These experimental data allow us to quantify human color perception under extended luminance levels, yielding a generalized color appearance model. Our proposed appearance model is efficient, accurate and invertible. It can be used to adapt the tone and color of images to different dynamic ranges for cross-media reproduction while maintaining appearance that is close to human perception.

Flash photography is commonly used in low-light conditions to prevent noise and blurring artifacts. However, flash photography commonly leads to a mismatch between scene illumination and flash illumination, due to the bluish light that flashes emit. Not only does this change the atmosphere of the original scene illumination, it also makes it difficult to perform white balancing because of the illumination differences. Professional photographers sometimes apply colored gel filters to the flashes in order to match the color temperature. While effective, this is impractical for the casual photographer. We propose a simple but powerful method to automatically match the correlated color temperature of the auxiliary flash light with that of scene illuminations allowing for well-lit photographs while maintaining the atmosphere of the scene. Our technique consists of two main components. We first estimate the correlated color temperature of the scene, e.g., during image preview. We then adjust the color temperature of the flash to the scene’s correlated color temperature, which we achieve by placing a small trichromatic LCD in front of the flash. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach with a variety of examples.

We present a method for interactive computation of indirect illumination in large and fully dynamic scenes based on approximate visibility queries. While the high-frequency nature of direct lighting requires accurate visibility, indirect illumination mostly consists of smooth gradations, which tend to mask errors due to incorrect visibility. We exploit this by approximating visibility for indirect illumination with imperfect shadow maps-low-resolution shadow maps rendered from a crude point-based representation of the scene. These are used in conjunction with a global illumination algorithm based on virtual point lights enabling indirect illumination of dynamic scenes at real-time frame rates. We demonstrate that imperfect shadow maps are a valid approximation to visibility, which makes the simulation of global illumination an order of magnitude faster than using accurate visibility.

In this paper we present a new practical camera characterization technique to improve color accuracy in high dynamic range (HDR) imaging. Camera characterization refers to the process of mapping device-dependent signals, such as digital camera RAW images, into a well-defined color space. This is a well-understood process for low dynamic range (LDR) imaging and is part of most digital cameras - usually mapping from the raw camera signal to the sRGB or Adobe RGB color space. This paper presents an efficient and accurate characterization method for high dynamic range imaging that extends previous methods originally designed for LDR imaging. We demonstrate that our characterization method is very accurate even in unknown illumination conditions, effectively turning a digital camera into a measurement device that measures physically accurate radiance values - both in terms of luminance and color - rivaling more expensive measurement instruments.

In order to display images of high dynamic range (HDR), tone reproduction operators are usually applied that reduce the dynamic range to that of the display device. Generally, parameters need to be adjusted for each new image to achieve good results. Consistent tone reproduction across different images is therefore difficult to achieve, which is especially true for global operators and to some lesser extent also for local operators. We propose an efficient global tone reproduction method that achieves robust results across a large variety of HDR images without the need to adjust parameters. Consistency and efficiency make our method highly suitable for automated dynamic range compression, which for instance is necessary when a large number of HDR images need to be converted.

A high dynamic range (HDR) imaging system, has been developed to overcome the limitations of dynamic range of a typical digital image reproduction system. The first stage is an HDR image-assembling algorithm, which constructs an HDR image from a sequence of multiple image exposures of a scene. The second stage utilises a new file format to store the HDR image in three primaries of 16-bits each. The third stage, described in this paper, uses a new tone-mapping algorithm to display HDR images on typical displays, optimised for sRGB devices. Six HDR tone-mapping techniques were evaluated by observers, and the new technique showed the best performance in all four category judgements: overall, tone, colour, and sharpness.